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A Closer Look at Fourier Theory
Fourier theory is formulated on the idea that waveforms can be represented in terms of cosines and sines of different frequency. In general, Fourier theory states that any kind of signals can be composed as a sum of many sinusoids. This theory is used in antenna studies, random process modeling, linear systems analysis, quantum physics, probability theory, and boundary-value programs.
Fourier Theory
Fourier theory is the fundamental idea for frequency analysis in engineering and science, and this is the mathematical basis to learn wave optics. There are different types of Fourier theory based on whether the problem is digital, analytical, analog, and signal processing. The different types are Fourier series, Fourier Transform, Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, and Z Transform.
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Introduction to Fourier Theory: An excellent resource to understand fundamental concepts of Fourier theory and its types.
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Fourier Theory: A good resource to understand basic principles, higher harmonics, analog analogy, and Fourier filtering.
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What is Fourier Theory?: Fourier theory is beautifully explained with formulas and expressions.
Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform separates or decomposes a function or waveform into sinusoids of different frequency which can be summed to the original waveform. It differentiates or identifies the different frequency of the waveforms and their relative amplitudes.
The definition for the Fourier transform and the inverse properties is given by:
F (a, b) = SUM {F (c, d) * exp (-j *2*pi*(a*c + b*d)/N)} and
F (c, d) = SUM {F (a, b) * exp (+j *2*pi*(a*c + b*d)/N)}
Where the value of a, b, c, and d can be 0 to N -1, the value of j is SQRT (-1) and SUM is given by the double summation values of a, b or c, d.
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Fourier Transform for Image Processing: A good guide for understanding basic principles, rotation effects, edge effects, and various effects of Fourier transform for image processing.
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Fourier Transforms: A complete guide to understand various concepts of Fourier theory.
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Introduction to Fourier Transform: A simple introduction to the Fourier Transform is given with a three curves diagram.
Fourier Transform Properties
The Fourier transform has the basic properties such as linearity, translation, modulation, scaling, convolution, and conjugation.
Scaling: This property states that if the width of a signal is decreased, keeping height at a constant value, the Fourier transform becomes shorter and wider. By increasing the width, the signal becomes taller and narrower.
This is defined as {f (ax)} = |a|?¹ F (s/a) where the value of ‘a’ can be a nonzero, real constant.
Shifting: This property states that the Fourier transform of the shifted signal is equal to the value of the unshifted signal with an exponential value that has a linear phase.
This is defined as {f (x-x?)} = F (s) exp (i2x?s) where x? is a real number.
Convolution: The convolution property is the product of the separate transforms.
This is denoted by G (w) = {f (a) h (a)}.
Correlation: The correlation integral forms a pair of Fourier transform.
This is defined as h(s) = f (a) g (s + a) du
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Properties of Fourier Transform: Different properties of Fourier transform is clearly defined with formulas and waveform diagrams.
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Fourier Transform Properties: The properties are clearly explained with respect to time and frequency.
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Table of Properties: A table of Fourier transform properties with clear expressions is given.
Parseval’s Theorem
Parseval’s theorem defines that square value of a function is proportional to the square value of its transform. This theorem is also known as Rayleigh’s Identity or Rayleigh’s energy theorem.
This theorem is given as M = ∑ pnxn and m = ∑ qnxn
Where the value of x is substituted with cos u + i sin u to form the real and imaginary parts.
The final expression is given as M = a + ib and m = c + id.
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Parseval’s Theorem: A brief introduction is given to Parseval’s theorem with clear expressions.
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Rayleigh Energy Theorem: The theorem is explained with expressions and a clear proof.
Sampling Theorem
The sampling theorem defines that a bandlimited real signal can be reconstructed perfectly only if the sampling frequency is larger than the frequency of the sampled signal. The minimum sampling frequency is called as Nyquist frequency or Nyquist rate. A signal that is sampled below the Nyquist frequency is called undersampled.
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Sampling Theory: Sampling theorem, aliasing, and truncated errors are clearly explained with formulas and expressions.
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Sampling Theorem: Sampling theorem is explained with respect to time and frequency.
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Introduction to Sampling Theory: An excellent resource to understand sampling theory with good demonstrations.
Aliasing
Aliasing is the effect that makes different signals to become identical when they are sampled. Also, it refers to the reconstruction of a signal from samples and the resultant signal differs from the original signal.
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Aliasing: Aliasing is explained with an interactive applet and graphs.
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Aliasing and Moire Patterns: Digital sampling and aliasing is clearly explained with images.
Discrete Fourier Transform
The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used in the Fourier analysis and signal processing and this also changes one function into another. The real numbers are given as input to the DFT and can be easily computed by Fast Fourier Transform algorithms.
The equation is given as:
Fx=1N(1−p)2n=0N−1fnWN−kn where x =012N−1, p is a real number, and q can be either 1 or -1.
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Discrete Fourier Transform: Definition, explanation, and group theoretic interpretation of discrete Fourier transform is clearly given.
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DFT Basic Functions: The basic functions of DFT and related expressions are explained with graphs.
Fast Fourier Transform
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is an algorithm for DFT, formulated by Cooley and Tukey in 1965. There are two types of FFT algorithms: decimation-in-frequency and decimation-in-time.
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Fast Fourier Transform: FFT is clearly explained with an illustration.
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FFT: An ultimate resource to learn FFT. Here, syntax, return value, keywords, arguments, and examples are given for better understanding.
Fourier theory is a great tool in engineering and science. The Fourier transform is used in the restoration of the astronomical data. This tool is used in most fields of science to change a problem into another form such that it can be easily solved.
